{
    "article_id": 1634,
    "public_id": "21e1c363-82b7-4af4-aa23-4c187ffc8ef4",
    "internal_identifier": null,
    "source_identifier": "100:51",
    "status": "published",
    "type": "research_article",
    "title": "Visualizing Pedestrian Perception: Eye-Tracking Analysis for Walkable Urban Environments",
    "title_secondary": null,
    "abstract": "Understanding pedestrian perception is essential for designing walkable and inclusive urban environments. This study employs real-world eye-tracking to investigate how pedestrians visually engage with urban streetscapes during everyday navigation. Using wearable eye-tracking technology, the research captures gaze behavior and fixation patterns across various streetscape elements including sidewalks, crosswalks, greenery, and building facades. The analysis reveals that features associated with spatial clarity and safety—such as curbs and well-defined pedestrian paths—receive prolonged visual attention. Natural elements like vegetation also play a significant role in shaping visual comfort and environmental appeal. Gaze data\r\nsegmented by Areas of Interest (AOIs) shows a clear hierarchy of visual focus, suggesting that spatial composition and surface detail directly impact cognitive processing and navigation. Additionally, gender-based differences in attention strategies indicate the need for inclusive design that supports diverse user behaviors. By translating subconscious visual behavior into actionable insights, this research contributes to the advancement of evidence-based urban design practices. The results highlight how realtime perceptual data can inform the creation of more intuitive, comfortable, and engaging city spaces.",
    "language": "en",
    "english_title": null,
    "english_abstract": null,
    "doi": "10.36287/setsci.23.36.001",
    "doi_url": "https://doi.org/10.36287/setsci.23.36.001",
    "resource_url": "https://www.set-science.com/a/21e1c363-82b7-4af4-aa23-4c187ffc8ef4",
    "pdf_url": "https://www.set-science.com/a/21e1c363-82b7-4af4-aa23-4c187ffc8ef4/pdf",
    "og_image": "https://www.set-science.com/assets/img/og-card-v2.png",
    "authors": [
        {
            "public_id": "2d482a75-fc99-4a2f-8aef-1ab47f1d2d38",
            "given": "Mahzerin",
            "family": "Sultana",
            "full": "Mahzerin Sultana",
            "literal": null,
            "orcid": null,
            "orcid_url": null,
            "email": "msultana@aggies.ncat.com",
            "corresponding": true,
            "sequence": "first",
            "affiliations": [
                {
                    "name": "Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University",
                    "department": null,
                    "country": null,
                    "country_code": null,
                    "ror": null,
                    "ror_url": null
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "public_id": "c8b603fb-ec02-4cd0-a844-b0ab09c3fa38",
            "given": "Shuva",
            "family": "Chowdhury",
            "full": "Shuva Chowdhury",
            "literal": null,
            "orcid": null,
            "orcid_url": null,
            "email": "schowdhury@ncat.edu",
            "corresponding": false,
            "sequence": "additional",
            "affiliations": [
                {
                    "name": "Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University",
                    "department": null,
                    "country": null,
                    "country_code": null,
                    "ror": null,
                    "ror_url": null
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "public_id": "9e4d2a65-7a21-4d74-8837-c9bb461d7927",
            "given": "Balakrishna",
            "family": "Gokaraju",
            "full": "Balakrishna Gokaraju",
            "literal": null,
            "orcid": null,
            "orcid_url": null,
            "email": "bgokaraju@ncat.edu",
            "corresponding": false,
            "sequence": "additional",
            "affiliations": [
                {
                    "name": "Computational Data Science and Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University",
                    "department": null,
                    "country": null,
                    "country_code": null,
                    "ror": null,
                    "ror_url": null
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "public_id": "84f4b8ef-cdb0-48c9-b5ef-9958d4cb5777",
            "given": "Raymond C.",
            "family": "Tesiero",
            "full": "Raymond C. Tesiero",
            "literal": null,
            "orcid": null,
            "orcid_url": null,
            "email": "rctesier@ncat.edu",
            "corresponding": false,
            "sequence": "additional",
            "affiliations": [
                {
                    "name": "Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University",
                    "department": null,
                    "country": null,
                    "country_code": null,
                    "ror": null,
                    "ror_url": null
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "public_id": "5c772ef2-be9c-4f66-aa80-a1acb7125ca8",
            "given": "Md Fahim",
            "family": "Shahriar",
            "full": "Md Fahim Shahriar",
            "literal": null,
            "orcid": null,
            "orcid_url": null,
            "email": "mshahriar4@lamar.edu",
            "corresponding": false,
            "sequence": "additional",
            "affiliations": [
                {
                    "name": "Management Information System, Lamar University",
                    "department": null,
                    "country": null,
                    "country_code": null,
                    "ror": null,
                    "ror_url": null
                }
            ]
        }
    ],
    "keywords": [
        "Eye-Tracking",
        "Pedestrian Perception",
        "Urban Design",
        "Visual Attention",
        "Walkability"
    ],
    "translations": [],
    "subjects": [],
    "subject_names": [],
    "published_date": "2025-07-17",
    "published_year": "2025",
    "received_date": null,
    "accepted_date": null,
    "volume": "23",
    "issue": null,
    "page_first": "403",
    "page_last": "410",
    "article_number": null,
    "conference": {
        "short_name": "SIAP2025",
        "full_title": "7th International Symposium on Innovation in Architecture, Planning and Design",
        "name": "7th International Symposium on Innovation in Architecture, Planning and Design",
        "acronym": "SIAP2025",
        "location": "Gaziantep, Türkiye",
        "start_date": "2025-06-27",
        "end_date": null,
        "public_id": "85d35dfb-2c44-4e2b-a662-cd53feb86629"
    },
    "proceedings": {
        "title": "7th International Symposium on Innovation in Architecture, Planning and Design",
        "series_title": "SETSCI Conference Proceedings",
        "publisher": "SET Technology",
        "isbn": "978-625-95366-4-4",
        "eisbn": null,
        "issn": null,
        "eissn": "2687-5527",
        "doi": null,
        "doi_prefix": "10.36287",
        "slug": "setsci-volume-23-2025-legacy-100",
        "public_id": "0eb205b6-37f0-4a7f-84c5-9dd4c126d3f2",
        "url": "https://www.set-science.com/p/setsci-volume-23-2025-legacy-100"
    },
    "license": {
        "name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "code": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "open_access": true
    },
    "copyright": {
        "holder": "SET Technology",
        "year": "2025"
    },
    "funding_statement": null,
    "funders": [],
    "references": [
        {
            "order": 1,
            "raw": "A. Shemesh, R. Talmon, O. Karp, I. Amir, M. Bar, and Y. J. Grobman, \"Affective response to architecture–investigating human reaction to spaces with different geometry,\" Architectural Science Review, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 116-125, 2017.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 2,
            "raw": "A. Bojko, \"Informative or misleading? Heatmaps deconstructed,\" in Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends: 13th International Conference, HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009, Proceedings, Part I 13, 2009: Springer, pp. 30-39.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 3,
            "raw": "J. Simpson, K. Thwaites, and M. Freeth, \"Understanding Visual Engagement with Urban treet Edges along Non-Pedestrianised and Pedestrianised Streets Using Mobile Eye-Tracking,\" Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 15, p. 4251, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/15/4251.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 4,
            "raw": "M. Debnath et al., \"An investigation of urban pedestrian behaviour in Bangladesh using the Perceptual Cycle Model,\" Safety Science, vol. 138, p. 105214, 2021/06/01/ 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105214.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 5,
            "raw": "H. J. Rosas, A. Sussman, A. C. Sekely, and A. A. Lavdas, \"Using eye tracking to Reveal responses to the built environment and its constituents,\" Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 21, p. 12071, 2023.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 6,
            "raw": "A. Koltsova, B. Tunçer, and G. Schmitt, \"Visibility analysis for 3D urban environments,\" in eCAADe 2013: Computation and Performance–Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Delft, The Netherlands, September 18-20, 2013, 2013: Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology; eCAADe (Education ….",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 7,
            "raw": "R. Liu and P. Neisch, \"Measuring the effectiveness of street renewal design: Insights from visual preference surveys, deep-learning technology, and eye-tracking simulation software,\" Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 256, p. 105291, 2025/04/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105291.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 8,
            "raw": "B. Jiang, L. Larsen, B. Deal, and W. C. Sullivan, \"A dose–response curve describing the relationship between tree cover density and landscape preference,\" Landscape and urban planning, vol. 139, pp. 16-25, 2015.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 9,
            "raw": "M. Gutiérrez-Roig et al., \"Active and reactive behaviour in human mobility: the influence of attraction points on pedestrians,\" Royal Society open science, vol. 3, no. 7, p. 160177, 2016.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 10,
            "raw": "S. Yao, N. Wang, and J. Wu, \"How does the built environment affect pedestrian perception of road safety on sidewalks? Evidence from eye-tracking experiments,\" Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 110, pp. 57-73, 2025/04/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.005.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 11,
            "raw": "Y. Hakiminejad, E. Pantesco, and A. Tavakoli, \"Shaping Passenger Experience: An Eye-Tracking Study of Public Transportation Built Environment,\"arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.02641, 2025.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 12,
            "raw": "J. B. Hollander, A. Sussman, P. Lowitt, N. Angus, and M. Situ, \"Eye-tracking emulation software: A promising urban design tool,\" Architectural Science Review, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 383-393, 2021.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 13,
            "raw": "N. Li, S. Zhang, L. Xia, and Y. Wu, \"Investigating the Visual Behavior Characteristics of Architectural Heritage Using Eye-Tracking,\" Buildings, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 1058, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/7/1058.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 14,
            "raw": "G. Kim, D. Yeo, J. Lee, and S. Kim, \"Simulating urban element design with pedestrian attention: Visual saliency as aid for more visible wayfinding design,\" Land, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 394, 2023.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 15,
            "raw": "A. A. Lavdas, \"Eye-Tracking Applications in Architecture and Design,\" Encyclopedia, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1312-1323, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8392/4/3/86.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        },
        {
            "order": 16,
            "raw": "E. Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, K. Somasundaraswaran, T. Kolbe-Alexander, and R. Yu, \"The influence of spatial configuration on pedestrian movement behaviour in commercial streets of low-density cities,\" Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 103184, 2025/01/01/ 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2024.103184.",
            "doi": null,
            "title": null,
            "authors": null,
            "source": null,
            "year": null,
            "volume": null,
            "pages": null
        }
    ],
    "statements": {
        "acknowledgements": null,
        "conflict_of_interest": null,
        "data_availability": null,
        "ai_disclosure": null
    },
    "credit": [],
    "history": {
        "published": "2025-07-17"
    }
}