<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">setsci</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>SETSCI Conference Proceedings</journal-title>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="electronic">2687-5527</issn>
   <publisher>
    <publisher-name>SET Technology</publisher-name>
   </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36287/setsci.19.9.042</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">24efbf87-bd1e-40ab-bb3b-42287d1afbb4</article-id>
   <title-group>
    <article-title>Enhancing Urban Parking Management with SSD-Based Satellite Detection Systems</article-title>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name>
      <surname>Alpugan</surname>
      <given-names>Ipek Neslihan</given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
     <name>
      <surname>Sahin</surname>
      <given-names>Behiye</given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name>
      <surname>Semercigil</surname>
      <given-names>Köksal </given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff id="aff1">
    <institution>Ankara University</institution>
   </aff>
   <aff id="aff2">
    <institution>Tarsus University</institution>
   </aff>
   <pub-date date-type="pub">
    <day>21</day>
    <month>11</month>
    <year>2024</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>19</volume>
   <fpage>42</fpage>
   <lpage>46</lpage>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement>© 2024 SET Technology</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder>SET Technology</copyright-holder>
    <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
     <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
    </license>
   </permissions>
   <abstract>
    <p>The rapid urbanization and exponential growth in vehicle numbers have significantly increased the demand for parking spaces in metropolitan areas, creating challenges for drivers and urban planners alike. Effective detection of available parking spaces is crucial, as it impacts traffic flow, environmental sustainability, public safety, and the efficient use of urban land. Studies show that a significant portion of urban traffic consists of vehicles searching for parking, leading to increased energy consumption, higher emissions, and more congestion. This paper explores the use of advanced parking detection systems, specifically leveraging satellite technology and single-stage object detection algorithm Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD). By analyzing the performance of the SSD model in detecting empty parking spaces from satellite images, this study offers a comprehensive evaluation of its strengths and weaknesses in various scenarios. The findings contribute to the ongoing development of smart parking solutions, which are essential for reducing environmental impacts, enhancing safety, and improving the quality of life in urban environments. This study is among the first to assess the SSD model's effectiveness in this critical area of urban infrastructure.  </p>
   </abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>parking management</kwd>
    <kwd>smart city</kwd>
    <kwd>deep learning</kwd>
    <kwd>object detection</kwd>
    <kwd>SSD</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="ref1">
    <mixed-citation>A. Binmahfooz et al., &quot;IoT-Based Sustainable Parking Lot,&quot; 2023 7th International Conference on Smart Grid and Smart Cities (ICSGSC), Lanzhou, China, pp. 210-215, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSGSC59580.2023.10319164</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref2">
    <mixed-citation>Y. Ma, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, Y. Cao, et al., “Research review on parking space detection method,” Symmetry, vol. 13, no.1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010128</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref3">
    <mixed-citation>L. Baroffio, L. Bondi, M. Cesana, A. E. Redondi and M. Tagliasacchi, &quot;A visual sensor network for parking lot occupancy detection in Smart Cities,&quot; 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy, pp. 745-750, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2015.7389147</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref4">
    <mixed-citation>V. Paidi, J. Håkansson, H. Fleyeh, R. G. Nyberg, “ CO2 emissions induced by vehicles cruising for empty parking space in an open parking lot,” Sustainability, vol.14, no.7, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073742</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref5">
    <mixed-citation>B. Xu, O. Wolfson, J. Yang, L. Stenneth, P. S. Yu and P. C. Nelson, &quot;Real-Time Street Parking Availability Estimation,&quot; 2013 IEEE 14th International Conference on Mobile Data Management, Milan, Italy, pp. 16-25, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/MDM.2013.12</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref6">
    <mixed-citation>S. J. Faraji, M. J. Nozar, “Smart parking: An efficient approach to city’s smart management and air pollution reduction,” Archives, vol.4, no.1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v4i1.603</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref7">
    <mixed-citation>M. Bakirci and I. Bayraktar, &quot;Refining Transportation Automation with Convolutional Neural Network-Based Vehicle Detection via UAVs,&quot; 2024 International Russian Automation Conference (RusAutoCon), Sochi, Russian Federation, 2024, pp. 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1109/RusAutoCon61949.2024.10694108</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref8">
    <mixed-citation>A. Varghese and G. Sreelekha, &quot;An Efficient Algorithm for Detection of Vacant Spaces in Delimited and Non-Delimited Parking Lots,&quot; in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 4052-4062, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2934574</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref9">
    <mixed-citation>N. Bibi, M. N. Majid, H. Dawood and P. Guo, &quot;Automatic Parking Space Detection System,&quot; 2017 2nd International Conference on Multimedia and Image Processing (ICMIP), Wuhan, China,  pp. 11-15, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMIP.2017.4</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref10">
    <mixed-citation>V. Paidi, H. Fleyeh, J. Håkansson, R. G. Nyberg, “Smart parking sensors, technologies and applications for open parking lots: A review,” IET Intelligent Transport Systems, vol.12, no.8, pp. 735-741, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2017.0406</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref11">
    <mixed-citation>L. Baroffio, L. Bondi, M. Cesana, A. E. Redondi and M. Tagliasacchi, &quot;A visual sensor network for parking lot occupancy detection in Smart Cities,&quot; 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy, pp. 745-750, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2015.7389147</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref12">
    <mixed-citation>S. K. Thangallapally, R. Maripeddi, V. K. Banoth, C. Naveen and V. R. Satpute, &quot;E-Security System for Vehicle Number Tracking at Parking Lot (Application for VNIT Gate Security),&quot; 2018 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), Bhopal, India, pp. 1-4, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCEECS.2018.8546903</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref13">
    <mixed-citation>G. Ciaburro, ”Sound event detection in underground parking garage using convolutional neural network,” Big Data Analytics for Social Services, vol.4, no.3, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4030020</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref14">
    <mixed-citation>M. Bakirci and I. Bayraktar, &quot;YOLOv9-Enabled Vehicle Detection for Urban Security and Forensics Applications,&quot; 2024 12th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2024, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDFS60797.2024.10527304</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref15">
    <mixed-citation>M. Bakirci and I. Bayraktar, &quot;Improving Coastal and Port Management in Smart Cities with UAVs and Deep Learning,&quot; 2024 Mediterranean Smart Cities Conference (MSCC), Martil - Tetuan, Morocco, 2024, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSCC62288.2024.10697069</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref16">
    <mixed-citation>M. Bakirci and I. Bayraktar, &quot;Integrating UAV-Based Aerial Monitoring and SSD for Enhanced Traffic Management in Smart Cities,&quot; 2024 Mediterranean Smart Cities Conference (MSCC), Martil - Tetuan, Morocco, 2024, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSCC62288.2024.10696996</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref17">
    <mixed-citation>M. Bakirci and I. Bayraktar, &quot;Boosting Aircraft Monitoring and Security through Ground Surveillance Optimization with YOLOv9,&quot; 2024 12th International Symposium on Digital Forensics and Security (ISDFS), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2024, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDFS60797.2024.10527349</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref18">
    <mixed-citation>Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C. Y., &amp; Berg, A. C. (2016). Ssd: Single shot multibox detector. In Computer Vision–ECCV 2016: 14th European Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 11–14, 2016, Proceedings, Part I 14 (pp. 21-37). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_2</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
