<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">setsci</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications</journal-title>
   </journal-title-group>
   <publisher>
    <publisher-name>SET Technology</publisher-name>
   </publisher>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36287/setsci.4.5.025</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">4ef3ec62-d06a-4367-819b-68b7d5692ab8</article-id>
   <title-group>
    <article-title>Performance Comparison of Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness Classification by Deep Learning Methods</article-title>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
     <name>
      <surname>Savaş</surname>
      <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name>
      <surname>Topaloğlu</surname>
      <given-names>Nurettin</given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name>
      <surname>Kazcı</surname>
      <given-names>Ömer</given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name>
      <surname>Koşar</surname>
      <given-names>Pınar Nercis</given-names>
     </name>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff id="aff1">
    <institution>Gazi University</institution>
   </aff>
   <aff id="aff2">
    <institution>Ankara Training and Research Hospital</institution>
   </aff>
   <pub-date date-type="pub">
    <day>12</day>
    <month>10</month>
    <year>2019</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>8</volume>
   <fpage>125</fpage>
   <lpage>131</lpage>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement>© 2019 SET Technology</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder>SET Technology</copyright-holder>
    <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
     <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
    </license>
   </permissions>
   <abstract>
    <p>Deep learning is a machine learning sub-field that uses deep neural networks. Instead of customized algorithms for each study in this field, it is aimed to cover the wider data set of solutions based on learning the data. Deep learning is a promising approach to solving artificial intelligence problems in machine learning. Nowadays, deep learning algorithms have begun to show themselves in many applications also being studied in biomedical fields. In this medical image processing study, Carotid Artery Intima Media Thickness Ultrasound images were used. Carotid Artery is a type of cardiovascular disease that can result in stroke. If stroke is not diagnosed early, it is in the first place among the disabling diseases. On the other hand, it is the third most common cause of death after cancer and heart disease. For an early diagnose, biomedical image classification performances of VGGNet architecture, which had successful results in the Imagenet competition and an original convolutional neural network model were compared in this study. 501 ultrasound images from 153 patients were used to test the models’ classification performances. It is seen that VGG16, VGG19 and CNNcc models achieved rates of 93%, 90% and 89.1% respectively. These results showed that deep architectures can provide proper classification on biomedical images and this can help clinics to diagnose the disease.</p>
   </abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Deep learning</kwd>
    <kwd>carotid artery</kwd>
    <kwd>intima media thickness</kwd>
    <kwd>vggnet</kwd>
    <kwd>convolutional neural network</kwd>
    <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
    <kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="ref1">
    <mixed-citation>K. Phil, MATLAB Deep Learning: With Machine Learning, Neural Networks and Artificial Intelligence. Seoul, Soul-t'ukpyolsi, Korea: Apress. 2017.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref2">
    <mixed-citation>Y. Bengio, Learning Deep Architectures for AI. Foundations and Trends in Machine Learning, vol. 2, pp. 1-127. 2009. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/2200000006.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref3">
    <mixed-citation>I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, A. Courville, Deep Learning. MIT Press. 2016. [Online]. Available http://www.deeplearningbook.org</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref4">
    <mixed-citation>L. Deng, &amp; D. Yu, Deep Learning Methods and Applications. Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing, vol. 7, pp. 197-387. 2013. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/2000000039</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref5">
    <mixed-citation>O. Z. Kraus, J. L. Ba, &amp; J. Brendan, Classifying and segmenting microscopy images with deep multiple instance learning. Bioinformatics, vol. 32, pp. 52–59. 2016.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref6">
    <mixed-citation>O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, &amp; T. Brox, U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. 2015. arXiv: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.04597.pdf</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref7">
    <mixed-citation>P. Hu, F. Wu, J. Peng, Y. Bao, F. Chen, &amp; D. Kong, Automatic abdominal multi-organ segmentation using deep convolutional neural network and time-implicit level sets. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, vol. 12, pp. 399–411, 2017.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref8">
    <mixed-citation>D. Wang, A. Khosla, R. Gargeya, H. Irshad, &amp; A. H. Beck, Deep Learning for Identifying Metastatic Breast Cancer. 2018. arXiv: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.05718.pdf</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref9">
    <mixed-citation>D. C. Cireşan, A. Giusti, L. M. Gambardella, &amp; J. Schmidhuber, Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2013. Mitosis Detection in Breast Cancer Histology Images with Deep Neural Networks, pp. 411-418. Berlin: Springer, 2013.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref10">
    <mixed-citation>V. Gulshan, L. Peng, M. Coram, M. C. Stumpe, D. Wu, A. Narayanaswamy, R. D. Webster, Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs. JAMA, vol. 316(22), pp. 2402-2410, 2016.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref11">
    <mixed-citation>Q. Dou, H. Chen, L. Yu, J. Qin, &amp; P. A. Heng, Multilevel Contextual 3-D CNNs for False Positive Reduction in Pulmonary Nodule Detection. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 64(7), pp. 1558-1567, 2017.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref12">
    <mixed-citation>U. R. Acharya, S. L. Oh, Y. Hagiwara, J. H. Tan, &amp; H. Adeli, Deep convolutional neural network for the automated detection and diagnosis of seizure using EEG signals. Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 100, pp. 270–278, 2018.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref13">
    <mixed-citation>A. Civelek, (2014). Karotis Arter Hastalığı. [Online]. Available: http://www.alicivelek.com/karotis-arter-hastaligi/</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref14">
    <mixed-citation>Ö. Kocamaz, (2016). Şah Damar Tıkanıklığı &quot;Karotis Arter Hastalığı&quot;. [Online]. Available: http://www.drkocamaz.com/karotis-arterhastaligi/</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref15">
    <mixed-citation>M. G. Bousser, Stroke prevention: an update. Frontiers of Medicine, vol. 6(1), pp. 22-34, 2012.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref16">
    <mixed-citation>K. Strong, C. Mathers, &amp; R. Bonita, Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol, vol. 6, pp. 182-187, 2007.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref17">
    <mixed-citation>A. Demirci Şahin, Y. Üstü, &amp; D. Işık, Serebrovasküler Hastalıklarda Önlenebilen Risk Faktörlerinin Yönetimi. Ankara Medical Journal, vol. 15(2), pp. 106-113, 2015.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref18">
    <mixed-citation>N. Ünüvar, S. Mollahaliloğlu, N. Yardım, B. Bora Başara, V. Dirimeşe, E. Özkan, &amp; Ö. Varol, Türkiye Hastalık Yükü Çalışması. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Refik Saydam Hıfzıssıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, 2004.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref19">
    <mixed-citation>K. Simonyan, &amp; A. Zisserman, Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition. (2014). [Online]. Available: arXiv:1409.1556</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref20">
    <mixed-citation>F. Doğan, &amp; İ. Türkoğlu, Derin Öğrenme Algoritmalarının Yaprak Sınıflandırma Başarımlarının Karşılaştırılması. Sakarya Universıty Journal Of Computer And Informatıon Scıences, vol. 1, pp. 10-21, 2018.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref21">
    <mixed-citation>R. M. Menchón-Lara, J. L. Sancho-Gómez, &amp; A. Bueno-Crespo, Earlystage atherosclerosis detection using deep learning over carotidultrasound images. Applied Soft Computing, pp. 616-628, 2016.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref22">
    <mixed-citation>R. Rocha, A. Campilho, J. Silva, E. Azevedo, &amp; R. Santos, Segmentation of the carotid intima-media region in B-mode ultrasound images. Image and Vision Computing, vol. 28, pp. 614-625, 2010.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref23">
    <mixed-citation>F. Molinari, G. Zeng, &amp; J. S. Suri, Inter-Greedy Technique for Fusion of Different Segmentation Strategies Leading to High-Performance Carotid IMT Measurement in Ultrasound Images. Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 35, pp. 905-919, 2011.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref24">
    <mixed-citation>M. C. Bastida-Jumilla, R. M. Menchón-Lara, J. Morales-Sánchez, R. Verdú-Monedero, J. Larrey-Ruiz, &amp; J. Sancho-Gómez, Frequencydomain active contours solution to evaluate intima–mediathickness of the common carotid artery. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, pp. 68-79, 2015.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref25">
    <mixed-citation>R. M. Menchón-Lara, &amp; J. L. Sancho-Gómez, Fully automatic segmentation of ultrasound common carotid artery images based on machine learning. Neurocomputing, pp. 161–167, 2015.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref26">
    <mixed-citation>U. Kutbay, F. Hardalaç, M. Akbulut, &amp; Ü. Akaslan, A Computer Aided Diagnosis System for Measuring Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) Using Quaternion Vectors. Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 40(149), 2016.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref27">
    <mixed-citation>F. Milletari, S. A. Ahmadi, C. Kroll, A. Plate, V. Rozanski, J. Maiostre, N. Navab, Hough-CNN: Deep learning for segmentation of deep brain regions in MRI and ultrasound. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, pp. 1–11, 2017.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref28">
    <mixed-citation>N. Ikeda, N. Dey, A. Sharma, A. Gupta, S. Bose, S. Acharjee, J. S. Suri, Automated segmental-IMT measurement in thin/thick plaque with bulb presence in carotid ultrasound from multiple scanners: Stroke risk assessment. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 141, pp. 73-81, 2017.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref29">
    <mixed-citation>E. C. Kyriacou, M. S. Pattichis, C. I. Christodoulou, C. S. Pattichis, S. K. Kakkos, M. Griffin, &amp; A. Nicolaides, Ultrasound imaging in the analysis of carotid plaque morphology for the assessment of stroke. Studies in health technology and informatics, pp. 241-275, 2005.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref30">
    <mixed-citation>C. I. Christodoulou, C. S. Pattichis, M. Pantzaris, &amp; A. Nicolaides, Texture-based classification of atherosclerotic carotid plaques. IEEE Trans Med Imaging, pp. 902-912, 2003.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref31">
    <mixed-citation>S. Mougiakakou, S. Golemati, I. Gousias, A. Nicolaides, &amp; K. Nikita, Computer-aided diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis based on ultrasound image statistics, laws' texture and neural networks. Ultrasound in Medicine &amp; Biology, pp. 26-36, 2007.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref32">
    <mixed-citation>E. C. Kyriacou, M. S. Pattichis, C. S. Pattichis, A. Mavrommatis, C. I. Christodoulou, S. K. Kakkos, &amp; A. Nicolaides, Classification of atherosclerotic carotid plaques using morphological analysis on ultrasound images. Applied Intelligence, pp. 3-23, 2009.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref33">
    <mixed-citation>U. R. Acharya, O. Faust, A. Alvin, V. S. Sree, F. Molinari, L. Saba, J. S. Suri, Symptomatic vs. Asymptomatic Plaque Classification in Carotid Ultrasound. Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 36, pp. 1861– 1871, 2012.</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref34">
    <mixed-citation>Z. Hao, (2017). Loss Functions in Neural Networks. [Online]. Available: https://isaacchanghau.github.io/post/loss_functions/</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="ref35">
    <mixed-citation>D. Ballabio, F. Grisoni, &amp; R. Todeschini, Multivariate comparison of classification performance measures. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, vol. 174, pp. 33-44, 2018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2017.12.004</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
