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Open-finance platforms can combine models from different vendors while still concentrating capital in the same trade. Shared data, objectives, and representations make decision diversity the relevant object, rather than diversity of model names. We call loadin…

In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …

Open-finance services must prepare for cryptographic transitions while evaluating quantum-computing opportunities against classical alternatives. These decisions require different evidence but concern shared data, software, suppliers, and owners. This paper de…