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In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …

This study develops the Political and Economic Vulnerability Score (PAVS), a composite index for assessing cross-country differences in macro-financial and institutional vulnerability. Drawing on publicly available World Bank data, the index combines 13 indica…

Open-finance services must prepare for cryptographic transitions while evaluating quantum-computing opportunities against classical alternatives. These decisions require different evidence but concern shared data, software, suppliers, and owners. This paper de…

Open-finance interfaces make market data and trading services programmable, but an API response is not an executable signal. Economic information depends on data receipt, inference completion, and feasible order arrival. We propose an execution certificate: a …

Adaptive research systems can generate, discard, revise, and monitor trading rules faster than their selection history can be audited. We ask when such a system may promote a frozen rule to governed forward evaluation. The proposed protocol assigns each candid…

Enterprise financial forecasts are generated across multiple business dimensions such as products, regions, channels, customer cohorts, and segments. In a large enterprise, this can result in billions of populated intersections that finance teams cannot review…