In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …
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This study develops the Political and Economic Vulnerability Score (PAVS), a composite index for assessing cross-country differences in macro-financial and institutional vulnerability. Drawing on publicly available World Bank data, the index combines 13 indica…
Open-finance services must prepare for cryptographic transitions while evaluating quantum-computing opportunities against classical alternatives. These decisions require different evidence but concern shared data, software, suppliers, and owners. This paper de…