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In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …

Adaptive research systems can generate, discard, revise, and monitor trading rules faster than their selection history can be audited. We ask when such a system may promote a frozen rule to governed forward evaluation. The proposed protocol assigns each candid…