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Courtyards hold significant functional value in both traditional and contemporary architecture. They serve as open-air spaces that facilitate social interaction for users within urban environments. In order for these spaces to be utilized more efficiently by u…

Cities consume over two-thirds of the world’s energy and account for more than 70% of global CO₂ emissions. Given these negative impacts, cities are major contributors to climate change, one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. As dynamic organ…