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In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …

Open-finance systems increasingly compose portfolio models, data services, and execution interfaces supplied by different parties. This modularity is useful only if the executed wealth path can be checked independently of the model that proposed it. We study a…

Open-finance services must prepare for cryptographic transitions while evaluating quantum-computing opportunities against classical alternatives. These decisions require different evidence but concern shared data, software, suppliers, and owners. This paper de…