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This study develops the Political and Economic Vulnerability Score (PAVS), a composite index for assessing cross-country differences in macro-financial and institutional vulnerability. Drawing on publicly available World Bank data, the index combines 13 indica…

Open-finance platforms can combine models from different vendors while still concentrating capital in the same trade. Shared data, objectives, and representations make decision diversity the relevant object, rather than diversity of model names. We call loadin…

In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …

Enterprise financial forecasts are generated across multiple business dimensions such as products, regions, channels, customer cohorts, and segments. In a large enterprise, this can result in billions of populated intersections that finance teams cannot review…

Open-finance services must prepare for cryptographic transitions while evaluating quantum-computing opportunities against classical alternatives. These decisions require different evidence but concern shared data, software, suppliers, and owners. This paper de…