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Open-finance systems increasingly compose portfolio models, data services, and execution interfaces supplied by different parties. This modularity is useful only if the executed wealth path can be checked independently of the model that proposed it. We study a…

Open-finance interfaces make market data and trading services programmable, but an API response is not an executable signal. Economic information depends on data receipt, inference completion, and feasible order arrival. We propose an execution certificate: a …

Post-quantum cryptographic standardization is complete for the algorithms that matter most, yet adoption across financial infrastructure remains uneven and, in critical segments, largely absent. This paper argues that migration is no longer a research question…

In the United States, banking desert status is classified annually from that same year’s branch data, producing a contemporaneous snapshot of current access rather than a forecast of which communities are likely to change status next. This study tests whether …

Open-finance services must prepare for cryptographic transitions while evaluating quantum-computing opportunities against classical alternatives. These decisions require different evidence but concern shared data, software, suppliers, and owners. This paper de…